While choosing an op-amp buffer, some sources of negative supply were considered, because the buffer op-amp had to provide true zero voltage on its output. In reality, a typical rail-to-rail output op ...

Many designs exist for logic-based astable multivibrators, one of the simplest being an RC feedback loop around a single inverting Schmitt trigger inverter (Figure 1). The output charges the capacitor ...

A source of repeating contact closures in the range of 1/10 pulse per second to 10 pulses per second was required for life testing of arc suppressors for relays. It was desirable to vary the on-to-off ...